Strikingly, despite the treatment with Rifampicin, and the cells being healthy, BiP and CHOP protein levels were not upregulated suggesting that bacterial effectors secreted by L. pneumophila during the first hour post infection were able to mediate UPR suppression and that this block did not require the presence of live L. pneumophila (Fig. 3d). This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and infection.