TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Moreover, TGF-β is believed to facilitate glioma growth and invasion by promoting angiogenesis (53), sustaining glioma stem cell populations (54), inducing the production of platelet-derived growth factor (PGDF), which serves as an autocrine proliferative signal for glioma cells (55), as well as increasing the synthesis of pro-invasive matrix metalloproteinases (56).