NOX4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Our study in the renal proximal tubules (RPTCs) of diabetic Akita mice (a murine model of T1D) has disclosed that Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus with markedly enhanced NADPH oxidase activity as well as Nox4 mRNA expression compared to non-Akita mice, suggesting that Nrf2 induction of Nox4 expression and activity might be responsible, at least in part, for elevated ROS levels [63].