Moreover, there were 276 CpG loci including those that track to the HOXB13, DLX4, and TBX15 genes that exhibited a significant gain or loss of methylation from normal to DCIS and were further hypermethylated or hypomethylated in lesions from women with a subsequent diagnosis of invasive disease. Here, DLX4 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.