HIF-dependent effects on c-Myc can be used to classify pVHL-defective ccRCC into two subtypes – HIF-2α-expressing subtype (displaying increased c-Myc activity and faster proliferation) and HIF-1α/2α-expressing subtype (displaying neither enhanced nor diminished c-Myc activity due to HIF-1α/2α antagonism) [162]. Here, MYC is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.