Whereas HIF-1α counteracts c-Myc pathways in cell cycle arrest (proliferation inhibition) of pVHL-deficient, pseudo-hypoxic ccRCC [160] as well as of colon carcinoma [161], HIF-2α promotes c-Myc activity in pVHL −/− ccRCC [160]. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.