TNF and diabetes mellitus: Our data showed that P78-PEDF peptide treatment not only prevented the development but also progression of DN in the Ins2Akita mouse model of diabetes as indicated by reduced albuminuria, decreased kidney macrophage recruitment and inflammatory cytokines (kidney TNF-α, fibronectin, VEGFA and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)), reduced histological changes, and increased nephrin expression compared to vehicle-treated Ins2Akita mice.