These diabetic mice have increased renal CNDP1 activity and reduced renal histidine dipeptide concentrations (Peters et al. 2012), and carnosine supplementation mitigates DN, reduces renal vasculopathy, normalizes vascular permeability (Peters et al. 2012), and improves wound-healing (Ansurudeen et al. 2012). This evidence concerns the gene CNDP1 and liver dysplastic nodule.