Chronic inflammation is an established risk factor and pathological marker for biliary tract cancers.44–46 LTβR-mediated oncogene activation failed to significantly enhance proliferation in human tumour lines, indicating the robust hepatocyte and cholangiocyte cell proliferation observed following LTβR agonism could in part result from increased microenvironmental factors. The gene discussed is LTBR; the disease is biliary tract neoplasm.