When the cytokine profile was analysed (Fig. 3), a statistically significant upregulation of all of the molecules analysed (i.e., TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, and TGF-β1) was found in the supernatants of ctr-TCLs isolated from inflamed CD mucosa in comparison with those obtained from healthy mucosa, whereas a significant increase was observed only for the TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21 in the supernatants of ctr-TCLs isolated from non-inflamed CD mucosa in comparison with those obtained from healthy mucosa. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Cowden disease.