The following information is collected from participants’ medical notes: weight and height, degree of any recent weight loss, co-morbidities including severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) if present, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) or steroids, and routine blood test results (haemoglobin, albumin, and C-reactive protein). Here, ALB is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.