The duration of the AF was significantly shortened by both metoprolol (control 696.6±232.8 sec vs metoprolol 69.1±47.6 sec, P<0.05) (Fig 3A) and prazosin (control 569.7±101.1 sec vs prazosin 285.2±69.6 sec, P<0.05) (Fig 3B), indicating that both β1-AR and α1-AR signaling pathways play important roles in the NE-induced elongation of AF. The gene discussed is ADRB1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.