There are several reports of increased GM-CSF in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (Ina et al., 1999; Noguchi et al., 2001), and concomitant Th17 and IL-5 and IL-13 T cell responses have been observed in ileal CD suggesting a more polyfunctional T cell response in certain patients (Zorzi et al., 2013). Here, CSF2 is linked to ulcerative colitis.