AKT1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Since the Akt/FoxO/GSK-3 signaling axis is critically implicated in cell metabolism and death [37–40], mTOR/S6 in translation, metabolism, ATP production and autophagy [40–42], AMPK in metabolism, energy homeostasis and autophagy [37, 43, 44], and the MAPK family members p44/42, p38 and SAPK/JNK in cell proliferation, metabolism and death [37, 45–47], we employed a Western blotting protocol examining the potency of 3-BrPA to harm each pathway’s signaling integrity in a bladder cancer context.