TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory in function, they secrete IFN-γ, IL-12 and TNF-α, and therefore effectively suppress tumor growth [62, 63] while M2 like TAMs secrete TGF-β, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, VEGF, and FGF2 [62], promote angiogenesis and tumor progression (Fig. 3).