INS and Obesity: Obesity-associated systemic inflammation is also characterized by increased circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as the activation of several kinases that regulate inflammation, including c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), IκB-kinase β (IKKβ)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase (SK6), which interfere with insulin action in adipocytes and hepatocytes [4].