CREB1 and ischemia: Studies have also shown that active p38 MAPK expression in the periinfarct cortex or hippocampus peaks at 6 h, and lasts 1–3 days, after ischemia, and exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury by activating antiapoptotic or CREB signaling pathways in ischemic [36], anesthetic [37] preconditioning, and global ischemia [38] models.