CD28 and rheumatoid arthritis: To assess whether T cell motility is affected by lactate, we performed assays whereby chemotaxis of T cells activated for 5 d with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, and interleukin (IL)-2 was induced by the proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10 in the presence of 10 mM lactic acid or sodium lactate, a concentration of lactate we measured in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (Fig 1A) and found in a number of inflammatory sites [14,15].