HMGB1 and neoplasm: Importantly, radiation has been shown to induce an immunogenic cell death (ICD), characterized by three molecular signals that promote uptake of dying cells by DCs, cross-presentation of the tumor-derived antigens to T cells and activation of anti-tumor T cells, exposure of calreticulin on the tumor cell surface, release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), and release of ATP [80].