TNF and atherosclerosis: Since these inflammatory markers have a key role in mediating inflammatory cascades and promoting atherosclerosis formation, the positive impact of dietary FO+ALA-PS on plasma levels, mRNA, and protein expressions of VCAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and MCP-1 observed in this research supported that better function in atherosclerosis prevention of FO+ALA-PS is at least partly through perfecting inflammatory response.