APOA1 and atherosclerosis: Detecting circulating levels of anti-ApoA-I autoantibodies in patients is a promising strategy for developing new assays for risk stratification in atherosclerosis and CVD [12, 14–18, 32], and the evidence for bias in the anti-ApoA-I autoantibody response towards the C-terminal helix of the protein provides a rationale for developing peptide-based prognostic and diagnostic tests based on this region.