VIP and rheumatoid arthritis: These qualitative or quantitative changes may be important in RA and possibly in the pathogenesis of other diseases, since DPP-IV as a result of its N-terminal X-Pro cleaving activity, regulates chemotactic responses to the inflammatory chemokines CCL, 3–5, 11 and 22, and CXCL, 2 and 9–12 [9], including SDF-1 [12,13]; In addition, it regulates other biologically active peptides such as NPY and VIP, recently implicated in RA [14].