Reports have shown that copper level was aberrantly up-regulated in many tumors, and depletion of which resulted in suppression of many cell signaling pathways including Hypoxia-HIF-1α, NF-κB, ERK, p38, and JNK, among others, leading to inhibition of tumor growth and reduced metastasis24, 25, 26. The gene discussed is MAPK1; the disease is hypoxia.