NPPA and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Of these genes, long pentraxin 3 (PTX3), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11), leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) and natriuretic peptide type A (Nppa) have been reported to play critical roles in modulating neutrophil recruitment and tissue injury in LPS-induced ALI.