NFKB1 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: Similarly, studies have demonstrated that p53 inactivation involves activation of the canonical NF-kB pathway [38] and activation of NF-kB in the absence of Tax can be achieved in ATLL cells through upregulated expression of miR-31 [39], suggesting that miR-31 may play a role in p53 inactivation.