LCN2 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease: With respect to regulation of NGAL expression, kidney injury [3, 6, 13], infection [10, 14], inflammation [15], and malignancy [8, 9] are major inducers of expression in epithelial and non-epithelial cells, but the role of iron status itself in regulation of NGAL, especially among end-stage renal disease patients, remains largely unknown.