Whether these self-antigens are presented by APC during herpesvirus infections is not yet known but the recognition of viral nucleic acids by Toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9 has been shown to induce the synthesis of β-d-glucopyranosylceramide (21), implying that glycosphingolipid antigens may be expressed in herpesvirus infections (81). This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and Herpesviridae infectious disease.