TNF and cholangiocarcinoma: These results suggested that although the combined treatment of gefitimb and lovastatin induced antiproliferation in SSP-25 and HuH-28 cells through different mechanisms, with the former through cell cycle arrest and the latter through apoptosis, potentiation by gefitinb of the lovastatin-induced TNF-α played a key role in the combined treatment of gefitinib-resistant human cholangiocarcinoma cells.