Similar to p53, (i) Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is also a tumor suppressor, (ii) infection with CagA-positive H. pylori is associated with inactivation of RUNX3 in premalignant gastric lesions [103], (iii) CagA inhibits the expression of RUNX3 via the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway [104], (iv) CagA may increase the risk of RUNX3 promoter methylation [105], (v) CagA targets RUNX3 for ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation [106]. Here, RUNX3 is linked to infection.