SDC1 and plasma cell myeloma: After treatment, the percentage of viable myeloma (CD138+) and normal hematopoietic (CD138−) cells was measured by flow cytometry by staining with Annexin V. At least 80% of primary myeloma cells were killed by FV-162 at concentrations ⩽0.1 μM while normal hematopoietic cells were largely insensitive (Figure 3a).