Its anti-obesity effects are presented via decreasing adipogenesis and viability in maturing preadipocytes, altering fat mass, increasing activity of enzymes related to calorie restriction, increasing lipolysis, inducing apoptosis, reducing lipid accumulation via reduction lipogenesis and proliferation, reducing expression of mediators of inflammatory response such as TNF-α, inhibiting TNF-α-activated NF-κB signaling, modulateing adipokine expression, improving insulin sensitivity and increasing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake [57, 111]. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.