TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obese fat cells have increased production of inflammatory adipokines (TNF-α, interleukins 6 & 18), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), angiopoietin-like protein 2 (Angptl 2), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) that all of them could promote obesity-induced metabolic disorders [93, 94].