A classic example is apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene risk variants-associated nephropathy [54], which is a devastating spectrum of kidney diseases including focal global glomerulosclerosis (FGGS) that was historically attributed to hypertension, FSGS or the collapsing variant, sickle cell nephropathy, and severe lupus nephritis in AAs. Here, APOL1 is linked to lupus nephritis.