In addition, various components of the SUMO-conjugating machinery are upregulated in several malignancies: UBC9 in melanomas, ovarian cancer and lung adenocarcinomas67, 68, 69, the SUMO isopeptidase SENP1 in prostate cancer70 and PIAS3 in breast, lung, prostate, colorectal and brain tumors71, indicating that through affecting the state of SUMO, genetic variability might disturb the normal sumoylation of protein and further have an effect on the occurrence of many diseases. Here, PIAS3 is linked to ovarian cancer.