CTSC and frontotemporal dementia: Recently, international genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified novel potential risk factors for FTD with TDP-43 pathology such as the transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) gene (Van Deerlin et al., 2010), and the locus containing the RAB38, member RAS oncogene family (RAB38) and catepsin C (CTSC) genes for bvFTD, and the HLA locus for the FTD spectrum (Ferrari et al., 2014).