KRAS and pancreatitis: Among the upstream mediators activated in the Ptf1a cKO model are TNF-α and NFkB, both of which promote ADM and inflammation in pancreatitis and amplify KRAS activity in pancreatic tumorigenesis (Maniati et al., 2011; Daniluk et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2013; Maier et al., 2013; Sendler et al., 2013).