TNF and septic shock: Intravenous fluid resuscitation can rapidly recover blood volume, blood pressure, cardiac function and urine output, which is now mainly performed by using Ringer’s solution to prevent adverse reactions.8 Inflammatory factors play important roles in septic shock-induced organ dysfunction.9 Once septic shock occurs, bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins as well as metabolites stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and oxygen radicals, resulting in toxic shock, organ dysfunction and death.