ACE and Abnormal renal physiology: Previous studies found that older age, higher BMI, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, hyperlipidemia, malnutrition, abnormal renal function, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, infection, emergency/urgent surgery, and high-risk surgery were related to acute renal surgery after major surgery [36–41].