TNF and infection: Other groups have demonstrated that Salmonella strains induce strong innate and acquired immunity in animal models through the induction of a cytokine storm including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and variety of chemokines that activates and recruits immune cells including neutrophils and macrophages to the site of infection in response to LPS, flagella, stimulatory CpG motifs and their cell wall components [39,67,68].