CD4 and infection: Earlier diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent immune degradation and HIV transmission.[4,5,11,12] In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued new HIV treatment guidelines that recommend ART initiation at CD4 count ≤500 cells/mm3 for adults and adolescents and irrespective of CD4 count for pregnant women, HIV-positive partners in serodiscordant couples, children younger than five and people with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) or hepatitis B coinfection.[13] Global implementation of these guidelines could avert millions of infections and deaths.