APOL1 and HIV-associated nephropathy: In recent years, multiple lines of statistical evidence have implicated the MYH9/APOL1 locus on chromosome 22q12.3 with nondiabetic end-stage renal disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, HIV-associated nephropathy, lupus nephritis, SCDN, and diabetic nephropathy in patients of recent African ancestry and European Americans[5–10, 33, 35, 48–50].