Whilst the innate-like production of IL-17 by nTh17 has lead to descriptions of an important role for such cells in early protective responses to immunological challenge at mucosal surfaces [10], the potential of IL-17 production by innate-like cells to drive autoimmune pathology [40], implies that strict developmental mechanisms may be required to regulate the development and activity of nTh17 to reduce the risk of autoimmunity. The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is Autoimmunity.