A randomized phase 2 trial comparing ipilimumab plus recombinant GM-CSF to ipilimumab alone in 245 patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma demonstrated an improved one-year overall survival rate (68.9 vs 52.9%; P1 = 0.01) and decreased toxicity in the combination treatment arm [52]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is melanoma.