CSF2 and melanoma: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, formerly OncovexGM-CSF), an attenuated oncolytic herpesvirus engineered to encode human GM-CSF, was demonstrated to improve overall response rates when injected intratumorally, compared to subcutaneous recombinant GM-CSF administration in a randomized phase 3 study of 436 patients with advanced melanoma (26.4 vs 5.7%, P < 0.0001) [53].