A phase 2 randomized trial of pancreatic cancer GVAX administered with or without a live-attenuated Listeriamonocytogenes immunotherapy (CRS-207) demonstrated extended survival in patients receiving the vaccine combination compared to pancreatic GVAX alone; this was associated with the induction of mesothelin-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes [50]. This evidence concerns the gene MSLN and familial pancreatic carcinoma.