PAICS and lung large cell carcinoma: In addition, we found reduction in cell proliferation in H661, a large cell lung carcinoma cell line (Supplementary Fig. S6A–S6C) that harbors PPAT and PAICS gene amplification (Fig. 2H) upon knockdown of PPAT, PAICS and PKM2. Knockdown efficiency was confirmed by immunoblot analysis using specific antibodies (Supplementary Fig. S6A–S6C, insets) and by qRT-PCR (Supplementary Fig. S4D–S4F).