TNF and viral infectious disease: We next measured levels of immunomodulatory mediators in lung homogenates and report that viral infection in fibrotic lungs (Bleo+MHV-68) led to a significant increase in lung levels of CCL2 (Fig. 5B), IL-1β (Fig. 5D), TNFα (Fig. 5E) and IL-10 (Fig. 5F) above the levels detected for Bleo lungs.