S100A4 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In support of our assumption, RNAi-mediated knockdown of S100A4 has been reported to block cell growth and motility, and to induce apoptosis in the human pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3, PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 via activation of pro-apoptotic signaling proteins including caspase-3, and caspase-9 [44, 45].