TEX11 and spermatogenic failure: To evaluate the role of TEX11 in human fertility, we screened genomic samples from 246 azoospermic men with spermatogenic failure (no sperm in semen) and from 175 controls that included men who had fathered children (n = 93) and men of unknown fertility selected to represent worldwide genetic diversity based on their Y-chromosomal haplotypes (n = 82).