AMFR and cancer: The overexpression of AMFR has been observed in several types of human cancer, including esophageal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast carcinoma, pulmonary cancer and melanoma (16–23), and the expression of AMFR has been found to be significantly correlated with more advanced tumor stage and decreased survival rates in liver, breast, lung and esophageal cancer (16–23).