Several of these upregulated EBV BART miRNAs have been partially defined in epithelial carcinomas such as BART5 that inhibited cell apoptosis through targeting PUMA25, BART3* that promoted cellular growth by targeting DICE1 (ref. 47), BART5, 1-5p, 16 and 17-5p that have been linked to viral latency by targeting LMP1 (refs 23, 48), BART9 that increased tumour metastasis by targeting E-cadherin49, and BART7-3p that promoted tumour metastasis by regulation of the PTEN-PI3K/Akt-EMT pathway50. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and carcinoma.