Additionally, stimulation with R848 induced an ~60-fold increased gene expression of COX-2 in TLR7+ PANC1 cancer cells (12 h after stimulation, Fig. 7C) and an ~34-fold increased level in TLR8+ PANC1 cells (24 h after stimulation, Fig. 7D) compared with untreated cells (Fig. 7C and D; P<0.005 and 0.0001). Here, PTGS2 is linked to cancer.