Stimulation of TLR7+ and TLR8+ PANC1 cancer cells for 48 h with the agonist R848 prior to treatment with 500 μmol/l of 5-FU (LD50 for empty vector PANC1 cells) increased cell viability of TLR7+ and TLR8+ cells in contrast to empty vector PANC1 cells (Fig. 8C; TLR7+, 75% and TLR8+, 81% vs. empty vector PANC1 cells, 52%; both P<0.0001). Here, TLR8 is linked to cancer.