MAPK pathway inhibitors for p38 kinase (SB202190), JNK (SP600125) and ERK1/2 (U0126) were added to MDM 4 hrs post-infection, for 1 hr prior to addition of PBA ± 25(OH)D3 and gene expression analysed 24 hrs post-treatment (Fig 5). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is infection.