Although in most situations, VEGF is the principal angiogenic factor, several of the cytokines and related proteins which are regarded as biomarkers of chronic inflammation also promote neovascularization; prominent among these are leptin, TNF-α and MCP-1 [15,37], all three of which are upregulated in obesity [15,38]. Here, CCL2 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.